Минобрнауки России федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования Санкт-Петербургский государственный технологический институт (технический университет) (СПбТИ(ТУ)) Кафедра иностранных языков Н.А.Степанова Химическая технология природных энергоносителей и углеродных материалов Методические указания (английский язык) Санкт-Петербург 2014
Готовы следующие варианты контрольных работ:
1-st term К.р. 1
Text 1 Renewable and Non-renewable Sources of Energy Fossil fuels ( coal, oil, gas) result from a transformation of plant and animal material over millions of years. The solar energy originally stored in the plant or animal is eventually converted into energy stored in the plant or the fossil fuel. The fuels are being used at an enormously rapid rate. Fossil fuels and fuels like uranium are “spent” once they are used to obtain energy. These are called non-renewable sources of energy. Although new plants can be planted that eventually turn to coal, the process takes millions of years and that is why coal and other fossil fuels are considered non-renewable. Solar and wind energy arrive and circulate air on the Earth everyday. These sources are called renewable. Wood and trees used as fuel are called renewable, because they can be replanted. Energy availability and use are good indicators of the standard of living. In the USA the “average consumption” per head is 55 barrels of oil per year, in poorer countries the consumption is 6 barrels.(844) 1. Match English words with their Russian equivalents.
Дата выполнения: 21/12/2015
1-st term К.р. 2
Text 2 Combustion and Energy Release Combustion involves combinations of the fuel with oxygen. Thus, C + O2 = CO2 CH4 + 2O2 = CO2+ 2H2O The basic reaction of our burning of carbon is the basis of our largest energy source - fossil fuels of various types, including coal , natural gas, and oil. Recall the energy in these bonds came originally from the solar energy captured by plants and then “processed” for millions of years (transformed over millions of years) under the pressure in the Earth. Coal is mainly carbon, water, some hydrogen, and oxygen. There are many different kinds of coal. In addition to hydrogen and oxygen, coal also contains some small amounts of nitrogen, sulfur, and some other minerals. Most of the carbon in coal is bound so that here is only one C-C bond for every C atom. Thus, for calculating the energy release of C + O2 = CO2 in the case of coal, one assumes only the breaking of one C-C bond. As coal contains other ingredients, it works out that the actual yield of 1 Kg of coal is about 700 kcal. The contribution of CO2 to global change is one of fundamental problems of our fossil fuels. Aliphatic hydrocarbons are the basis of oil and natural gas. All saturated hydrocarbons react with oxygen at high temperatures to form carbon dioxide and water, and give off energy. This oxidation reaction is the basis of internal combustion engine. Gasoline normally contains hydrocarbons from C6 to C18, a mixture of over 100 compounds. An example reaction of the combustion of a hydrocarbon is: C7H17 + 11CO2 = 7CO2 + 8H2O + energy 1. Match English words with their Russian equivalents.
2-nd term К.р.1
Text 1 Refining During the refining process, various components of crude oil are separated by their boiling points. In general, the longer the hydrocarbon molecule, the higher its boiling temperature At the refinery oil is first heated in a furnace until most is vaporized. The hot vapour is then sprayed into a distilling column. Gasses rise in the distilling column and any remaining liquid falls. In the distilling column bubble trays are filled with liquid. The rising vapours bubble up through the trays and are cooled. The cooling vapours condense into liquid on the trays where they are then removed by sidedraws. Each liquid removed by cooling is called a cut. Heavy cuts come out at high temperatures, whereas light cuts come out at low temperatures. In order of cooling temperatures, the cuts are heavy gas oil, light gas oil, kerosene, naphtha, and straight run gasoline. Gasoline is the refining product in most demand.)Gasoline is composed of short molecules with 5 to10 carbon atoms.(820) 1. Match English words with their Russian equivalents.
Дата выполнения: 16/05/2016
2-nd term К.р.2
Text 2 Cracking Process A process called cracking is used to make gasoline from heavier cuts. The longer, less valuable molecules of other cuts are used as cracking stock. Cracking stock is put into cracking towers at the refinery where high temperatures and pressures and caustic chemicals split the longer molecules to form gasoline. There are several types of cracking, each giving different products: · Steam cracking: The feedstock is preheated , vapourized and mixed with steam and then converted at 1250-1400°C to give high yields of low molecular mass alkenes. · Catalytic cracking : The use of a silica/alumina catalyst enables the cracking to take place at the relatively lower temperatures of about 1000°C. · Hydrocracking: The feedstock is mixed with hydrogen at a pressure of about 80 atm and cracked over a platinum or silica/alumina catalyst. This process has a high yield of branched alkanes, cyclic alkanes and aromatic compounds for use in unleaded gasoline(petrol).(943) 1.Match English words with their Russian equivalents. cracking stock пар caustic выход split каталитический hydrocracking исходное крекинг-сырье alkenes ароматический molecular mass неэтилированный (бензин) branched Циклический aromatic непредельные (ненасыщенные) cyclic углеводороды, unleaded (gas) Олефины yield Едкий steam расщеплять catalytic разветвленный молекулярная масса едкий 2. Match the words from column A and B to form word collocation.
3-d term К.р.1
Text 1 Steam reforming Steam reforming is a method for producing hydrogen or other useful products from hydrocarbon fuels such as natural gas. Steam reforming of natural gas sometimes referred to as steam methane reforming (SMR) is the most common method of producing commercial bulk hydrogen as well as the hydrogen used in the industrial synthesis of ammonia. At high temperatures (700-1100°C) and in presence of a metal-based catalyst (nickel) ,steam reacts with methane to yield carbon monoxide and hydrogen. This is achieved in a processing device called a reformer in which steam reacts with fossil fuel at high temperature. The steam methane reformer is widely used in industry to make hydrogen. There is also interest in the development of much smaller units based on similar technology to produce hydrogen as feedstock for fuel cells. Small-scale steam reforming units to supply fuel cells are currently the subject of research and development typically involving the reforming of natural gas but other fuels are also being considered such as propane and others. (880) 1.Match English words with their Russian equivalents.
Дата выполнения: 15/01/2016
3-d term К.р.2
Text 2 Shale Oil Processing Shale oil extraction process decomposes oil shale and converts its kerogen into shale oil─ a petroleum –like synthetic crude oil. The process is conducted by pyrolysis ,hydrogenation, or thermal dissolution. The oldest and the most common extraction method involves pyrolysis( also known as destructive distillation).In this process oil shale is heated in the absence of oxygen until its kerogen decomposes into condensable shale oil vapours and non- condensable combustible oil shale gas. Oil vapours and oil shale gas are then collected and cooled causing the shale oil to condense .in addition, oil shale processing produces spent oil shale, which is a solid residue. Spent shale consists of inorganic compounds and char─carbonaceous residue formed from kerogen. Burning the char off the spent shale produces oil shale ash. Spent shale and shale ash can be used as ingredients in cement or brick manufacture. (800) 1.Match English words with their Russian equivalents.
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